Kodi ndale zitha kusintha zovala zomwe anthu amalankhula, chilankhulo chomwe amalankhula kapena mabuku omwe amawerenga? Zaka zotsatira za 1789 Ku France kunawona zosintha zambiri m’miyoyo ya amuna, akazi ndi ana. Maboma a Revolution adadzitengera okha kuti azithamangitsa malamulo omwe amatanthauzira malingaliro a ufulu ndi kufanana muzochita za tsiku ndi tsiku.
Lamulo limodzi lofunikira lomwe linayamba kugwira ntchito mphukira ya Bastille pambuyo pa chilimwe cha 1789 inali kuthekera kwa kufufuza. Mu ulamuliro wakale zolembedwa ndi zikhalidwe zina zamabuku – mabuku, manyuzipepala, masewero, amatha kusindikizidwa atachitidwa atavomerezedwa atavomerezedwa ndi ozungulira mfumu. Tsopano kulengeza za ufulu wa munthu ndi nzika zalengezera ufulu wa kulankhula ndi mawu olondola. Manyuzipepala, mapepala, mabuku ndi zithunzi zosindikizidwa zidasefukira kuchokera komwe adapita kumidzi. Onsewa adafotokoza ndikukambirana za zochitika komanso kusintha komwe kunkachitika ku France. Ufulu wa akatswiri amatanthauzanso kuti malingaliro otsutsana ndi zochitika zitha kufotokozedwa. Mbali iliyonse mbali inafuna kutsimikizira enawo kudzera munthawi yosindikiza. Masewera, nyimbo ndi zikondwerero zokondwerera zidakopa anthu ambiri. Iyi inali njira imodzi yomwe amamvetsetsa komanso kudziwa malingaliro monga ufulu wazandale kuti andale andale adalemba za nthawi yayitali omwe anthu ochepa ankawerenga.
Mapeto
Mu 1804, Napoleon Bovarte adadziveka yekha Emperor waku France. Anayamba kugonjetsa mayiko oyandikana nawo ku Europe, atanyamula maufumu am’madzi ndi kupanga maufumu omwe adayika banja lake. Napoleon adaona udindo wake monga wamakono ku Europe. Adayambitsa malamulo ambiri monga kuteteza katundu wachinsinsi ndi njira yofowokera yolemera ndi miyeso yoperekedwa ndi dongosolo la Decimal. Poyamba, ambiri adawona kuti Napoleon monga opulumutsa omwe angadzetse ufulu wa anthu. Koma posakhalitsa magulu a Napolekic adawonekera kulikonse monga mphamvu yolowera. Pomalizira pake adagonjetsedwa ku Waterloo mu 1815. Ambiri mwa njira zake zomwe zidanyamula malingaliro a ufulu ndi malamulo amakono kupita kumalamulo ena ku Europe adakhudzanso anthu atachokapo.
Malingaliro a ufulu ndi demokalase ufulu wa demokalase anali cholowa chofunikira kwambiri cha kusintha kwa France. Izi zinafalikira kuchokera ku France kupita ku Europe m’zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi china chibadwa cha zaka khumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu, pomwe Fededare adathekera. Anthu omwe atsatsira atsamukira adakonzanso lingaliro la kumasulidwa ku ukapolo wawo kuti apange dziko latsopano. Turu Sultan ndi Ramohan Roy ndi zitsanzo ziwiri za anthu omwe adalabadira malingaliro omwe adalabadira ku France.
Zochitika
1. Dziwani zambiri za ziwerengero zilizonse zomwe mwawerenga zomwe mwawerenga m’mutu uno. Lembani mbiri yayifupi ya munthu uyu.
2. The Revolution waku France adawona manyuzipepala ofotokoza zochitika za tsiku lililonse ndi sabata. Sonkhanitsani zidziwitso ndi zithunzi pa chochitika chimodzi ndi kulemba nyuzipepala. Muthanso kuchititsa zokambirana zongoganiza ndi malamulo ofunikira monga mirabebeu, olympe de groge kapena rosospierre. Ntchito m’magulu awiri kapena atatu. Gulu lirilonse limatha kuyika zolemba zawo pa bolodi kuti ipange chithunzithunzi cha France
Language: Chichewa