Mu butegetsi bwabakoloni, ubuzima bw’abashumba bwahindutse cyane. Impamvu zabo zo kurisha zirabagirana, ingendo zabo zageriweho, kandi yinjiza bagombaga kwishyura. Umugabane wabo w’ubuhinzi wagabanutse kandi ubucuruzi bwabo bwagize ingaruka mbi. Nigute?
Ubwa mbere, leta yabakoloni yashakaga guhindura ibihugu byose birisha imirima ihingwa. Amafaranga yinjira mu butaka yari imwe mu nkomoko nyamukuru y’imari yayo. No kwagura guhinga bishobora kongera icyegeranyo cyayo. Bishoboka icyarimwe bitanga ifuti nyinshi, ipamba, ingano nizindi bisaruro byubuhinzi byasabwaga mubwongereza. Ku bashinzwe ubukoloni bose batazwi cyane ku butaka budatanga umusaruro: Ntabwo byatanze umusaruro cyangwa umusaruro w’ubuhinzi. Byagaragaye nk ” ubutarozi ‘byari bigomba kuzanwa no guhingwa. Kuva mu kinyejana cya cumi n’icyenda, gutakaza amategeko y’ubutaka byashyizweho mu bice bitandukanye by’igihugu. Muri aya mategeko ashingiye ku butaka budacogora bwarafashwe maze ahabwa guhitamo abantu. Abo bantu bahawe ibitekerezo bitandukanye kandi bagashishikarizwa gukemura ibyo bihugu. Bamwe muribo bakorewe abayobozi b’imidugudu mu turere dushya. Mu bice byinshi ibihugu byafashwe byakoreshwaga mubyukuri udupapuro twakoreshejwe buri gihe nabashumba. Kwagura rero guhingwa byanze bikunze bivuze ko ari igabanuka ryinzuri nikibazo kubashumba.
Icya kabiri, mu kinyejana cya cumi n’icyenda, ibikorwa bitandukanye by’amashyamba nabyo byashyizweho mu ntara zitandukanye. Binyuze muri ibyo bikorwa amashyamba amwe yabyaye ibiti byingirakamaro muri deodar cyangwa sal yaratangajwe ko ‘yabitswe. Nta bushumba yemerewe kubona ayo mashyamba. Andi mashyamba yashyizwe mu bikorwa nk ” kurindwa ‘. Muri ibyo, uburenganzira bumwe bwo kurwanya ubushumba bw’abashumba bwatanzwe ariko ingeso zabo zirabujijwe cyane. Abayobozi b’abakoloni bemezaga ko kurisha kwangije imigabane n’umwanda bito by’ibiti bigoramye mu ishyamba. Amashyo yakandagiye hejuru ya oplmings kandi ishyira amashiots. Ibi byabujije ibiti bishya gukura.
Ibi bikorwa byamashyamba byahinduye ubuzima bwabashumba. Babujijwe kwinjira mumashyamba menshi yari yarahaye agaciro ubwatsi bwinka. No mu turere bemerewe kwinjira, ingendo zabo zateguwe. Bari bakeneye uruhushya rwo kwinjira. Igihe cyo kwinjira no kugenda kwari
Inkomoko C.
H.S. Gibson, Umudepite wungirije w’amashyamba, Darjeeling, yanditse mu 1913; … Ishyamba rikoreshwa mugurisha ridashobora gukoreshwa kubwizindi ntego kandi ntirishobora gutanga ibiti na lisansi, aribyo umusaruro wimbere wamashyamba yemewe
Ibikorwa
Andika igitekerezo cyo gufunga uruzinduko rwo kurisha kuva kuri:
Amashyamba
Umushumba
Amagambo mashya
Uburenganzira gakondo – Uburenganzira abantu bakoresha mu migenzo n’imigenzo byagenwe, kandi iminsi bashoboye kumara mu ishyamba yari make. Abashumba ntibagishoboye kuguma mu gace nubwo ibyatsi bihari, ibyatsi byari byiza kandi hasigaye igihingwa kandi mu ishyamba byari bihagije. Bagombaga kugenda kubera ko ishami rya Minisiteri ishinzwe amashyamba ryemerera ko ryategekaga ubuzima bwabo. Uruhushya rwerekana ibihe bashoboraga kuba mumashyamba. Niba barenze iyo bashoboye guhana.
Icya gatatu, abayobozi b’Abongereza bakekaga abantu batishoboye. Barimbuye abanyabukorikori bagendana n’abacuruzi bakoresheje ibicuruzwa byabo mu midugudu, kandi abashumba bahinduye aho batuye igihembwe cyacu, guverinoma y’abakoloni yashakaga gutegeka abaturage batuye. Bashakaga ko abantu bo mu cyaro baba mu midugudu, ahantu haha hantu hashingiwe ku burenganzira buhamye ku murima runaka. Abantu nkabo borohewe no kumenya no kugenzura. Abatuye babonwaga nk’amahoro n’amategeko. Abari barumuna babo bafatwaga ko ari inkozi y’ibibi. Mu 1871, guverinoma y’abakoloni mu Buhinde yateje imiryango y’abagizi ba nabi. Iki gikorwa, abayoboke benshi b’abanyabukorikori, abacuruzi n’abashumba bashyizwe mu miryango. Bavuze ko bashinja ibidukikije no kuvuka. Iki gikorwa kimaze gutangira, aba baturage bari bategerejweho kubaho gusa mumidugudu yamenyeshejwe. Ntibari bemerewe kwimuka nta ruhushya. Polisi y’umudugudu yagumije kubareba.
Icya kane, kwagura amafaranga yinjiza, guverinoma ya gikoloni yashakishije isoko yose ishoboka yo gusora. Umusoro rero washyizweho ku butaka, ku mazi ya canal, ku munyu, ku bicuruzwa by’ubucuruzi, ndetse no ku nyamaswa. Abashumba bagombaga kwishyura imisoro ku nyamaswa zose zarishaga mu rwuri. Mu bunyamico myinshi y’abashumba b’Ubuhinde, umusoro kurisha watangijwe mu kinyejana cya cumi n’icyenda. Umusoro kuri attle wazamutse vuba kandi sisitemu yo gukusanya yakosowe neza. Mu myaka mirongo iri hagati ya 1850 na 1880 ni uburenganzira bwo gukusanya umusoro wamuriwe mu mashuri. Aba bashoramari bagerageje gukuramo nkumusoro uko bashoboye kugirango bakire amafaranga bari bishyuye leta kandi binjiza inyungu nkijwi rishoboka mugihe cyumwaka. Mu myaka ya 1880, guverinoma yatangiye kwigomeka mu bushumba. Umwe wese muri bo yari n’itsinda. Kwinjiza inzira yo kurisha, umushumba w’inka yagombaga kwerekana pasiporo no kwishyura imisoro umubare w’inka yari afite n’amafaranga – ue yishyuwe yinjijwe kuri pasiporo.
Inkomoko D.
Mu myaka ya za 1920, komisiyo y’Umwami ku Buhinzi yagize ati:
‘Urugero rw’akarere kaboneka ku rukundo rwarashize mu rwego rwo kwihingamo kubera kongera abaturage, kwagura abaturage, kongererwa imigambi yo kuhira, urugero, ingamba n’imirima y’ubuhinzi. Ubworozi burabagora kurera amashyo manini. Gutyo, amafaranga yabo yaramanutse. Ubwiza bw’amatungo yabo bwarushijeho kwangirika, imirire yaguye kandi umwenda wiyongereye. ‘”Raporo ya komisiyo y’ubuzima y’ubuhinzi mu Buhinde, 1928.
Ibikorwa
Tekereza uba mu myaka ya 1890. Urimo umuryango wabashumba n’abashumba b’abana. Uze kumenya ko Guverinoma yatangaje ko umuryango wawe ari ubwoko bw’ibyaha.
Sobanura muri make ibyo wabyumva ukabikora.
Icyifuzo kuri mugenzi waho kuki igikorwa kirenganya kandi
Bizagira ingaruka ku buzima bwawe. Language: Rwandi