Amafektri okuqala eNgilandi akhuphuka ngama-1730s. Kepha kwasekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili leshumi nesishiyagalombili inani lamafektri landa.
Uphawu lokuqala lwe-ERA entsha kwakuyikotini. Ukukhiqizwa kwayo kwaqhakaza ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye. Ngo-1760 Britain wawungenisa amakhilogremu ayizigidi eziyi-2,5 ekotini eluhlaza ukondla imboni yayo yekotini. Ngo-1787 lokhu kungeniswa kwakhuphuka kumakhilogremu ayizigidi ezingama-22. Lokhu kwanda kwakuxhunyaniswe nezinguquko eziningi ngaphakathi kwenqubo yokukhiqiza. Ake sibheke kafushane kwezinye zalezi.
Uchungechunge lokwenziwa ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili lukhuphuke ngempumelelo yokusebenza kwesinyathelo ngasinye senqubo yokukhiqiza (amakhadi, ukusonteka nokujikeleza). Bathuthuka okukhileyo kwisisebenzi ngasinye, okwenza isisebenzi ngasinye ukuba sikhiqize okuningi, futhi benza ukukhiqizwa kwemicu enamandla nentambo. Ngemuva kwalokho uRichard Arkwright wadala ikotoni mill. Kuze kube manje, njengoba ubonile, ukukhiqizwa kwendwangu kwasakazeka ezweni lonke futhi kwenziwa emizini yasemakhaya. Kepha manje, imishini emisha ebizayo ingathengwa, isethwe futhi igcinwe esikhungweni. Ngaphakathi kokugaya zonke izinqubo zahlanganiswa ngaphansi kophahla olulodwa nokuphatha. Lokhu kwavumela ukuqondiswa ngokucophelela inqubo yokukhiqiza, iwashi phezu kwekhwalithi, kanye nokulawulwa kwabasebenzi, konke okwakunzima ukukwenza lapho ukukhiqizwa kusemaphandleni.
Ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, amafektri aya ngokuya eba yingxenye esondelana yesimo sesiNgisi. Kubonakale kanjalo amagquma amasha abeka phansi, ngakho-ke imilingo yabonakala ingamandla obuchwepheshe obusha, lokho okwenziwe ngesikhathi. Bagxile ukunaka kwabo emagqumeni, bacishe bakhohlwa amaBylanes kanye nama-workshop lapho ukukhiqizwa kusaqhubeka khona.
Language: Zulu