The First World War and the Second World War had a major impact forests. In India, working plans were abandoned at this time, and the forest department cut trees freely to meet British war needs. In on Java, just before the Japanese occupied the region, the Dutch followed a scorched earth’ policy, destroying sawmills, and burning huge piles of giant teak logs so that they would not fall into Japanese hands. The Japanese then exploited the forests recklessly for their own war industries, forcing forest villagers to cut down forests. Many villagers used this opportunity to expand cultivation in the forest. After the war, it was difficult for the Indonesian forest service to get this land back. As in India, people’s need for agricultural land has brought them into conflict with the forest department’s desire to control the land and exclude people from it. Language: English