Mu binyejana byinshi, ubudodo n’ibirungo biva mu Bushinwa byatembaga mu Burayi binyura mu nzira y’ubudodo. Mu kinyejana cya cumi na rimwe, impapuro z’Abashinwa zageze mu Burayi zinyuze mu nzira imwe. Impapuro zatumye umusaruro wandikishijwe intoki, wanditswe neza nabanditsi. Hanyuma, muri 1295, Marco Polo, umushakashatsi ukomeye, yasubiye mu Butaliyani nyuma yimyaka myinshi yubushakashatsi mubushinwa. Mugihe usoma haruguru, Ubushinwa bwari bumaze kugiranabuhanga ryicapiro rya ibiti, Marco Polo yazanye ubu bumenyi. Noneho Abataliyani batangira gutanga ibitabo hamwe n’ibiti bikozwe mu biti, kandi bidatinze tekinoroji ikwira mu bindi bice by’Uburayi. Inyandiko nziza iracyafatiye umwanditsi uhenze cyane, yasobanuye ku ruziga rwa rwiyege n’amasomero akungahaye ku masosiyete akungahaye ku bitabo byanditse nk’ibitabo bihendutse. Abacuruzi n’abanyeshuri muri minisiteri ya kaminuza baguze kopi zinanze.
Mugihe ibyifuzo byibitabo byiyongereye, abashinzwe amakuru hose barenga bo mu Burayi batangiye korohereza ibitabo mubihugu byinshi bitandukanye. Ibitabo byashize byakorewe ahantu hatandukanye. Umusaruro w’intoki zandikishijwe intoki wandikishijwe intoki nazo zateguwe mu buryo bushya bwo kuzuza ibyifuzo byagutse. Abanditsi cyangwa abazindi inzitizi ntibakiba bakiri akazi gusa nabakunzi bakize cyangwa bakomeye ariko bagenda bagenda bavunika. Abanditsi barenga 50 bakunze gukora umukoresha.
Ariko umusaruro w’intoki zandikishijwe intoki ntushobora guhaza ibyifuzo by’iyongera kubitabo. Gukoporora byari ubucuruzi buhenze, bubi kandi butwara igihe. Inyandiko zandikishijwe intoki zari zoroshye, ziteye ubwoba, kandi ntishobora gutwarwa cyangwa gusoma byoroshye. Kuzenguruka kwabo rero ntibyagumye bigarukira. Hamwe n’ibisabwa n’ibitabo byiyongera, icapiro ryakozweho buhoro buhoro ryarushijeho gukundwa cyane. Mu ntangiriro z’ikinyejana cya cumi na gatanu, bikoreshwa cyane mu Burayi kumena imyambaro, gukina amakarita, n’amashusho y’idini hamwe n’inyandiko zoroshye, ngufi.
Biragaragara ko byari bikenewe cyane no kwihuta no kubyara ibyanditswe. Ibi birashobora gusa kuba hamwe no guhanga ikoranabuhanga bushya. Intambwe yabereye i Strasbourg, Ubudage, aho Johann Guenberg yateguye imashini izwi cyane yo gucapa mu 1430
Language: Rwandi