Ibitekerezo by’ubumwe bw’igihugu mu kinyejana cya mbere – Uburayi bwo mu kinyejana cya cumi n’icyenda byahujwe cyane n’ingengabitekerezo yo kwiyoroshya. Ijambo ‘kwibohora’ rikomoka kuva mu ntambara yo mu kilatini, bisobanura ubuntu. Kubwiciro bushya bwo hagati bwo hagati gihagarara ku bwisanzure kumuntu nuburinganire muri byose imbere y amategeko. Muri politiki, byashimangiye igitekerezo cya guverinoma kubishoboka. Kuva impinduramatwara y’Abafaransa, ubwisanzure bwari bwari bwari bwari burangiye mu bwigenge n’indaro ry’amagambo, Itegeko Nshinga n’ubuyobozi buhagarariye binyuze mu Nteko. Kwishyira u Rwanda rwikinyejana cya cumi n’icyenda nabwo rwashimangiye kutavomereye umutungo bwite.
Nyamara, uburinganire imbere yamategeko ntabwo byanze bikunze bihagaze neza kubushakashatsi rusange. Uzibuke ko mu Bufaransa bwa Revolusite, bwaranze ubushakashatsi bwa mbere bwa politiki muri demokarasi yigenga, uburenganzira bwo gutora no gutorwa bwatanzwe gusa ku bantu bafite imitungo. Abagabo batagira umutungo kandi abagore bose ntibakuwe mu burenganzira bwa politiki. Gusa mugihe gito munsi ya Jamecons byose byabagabo bose bakuze bishimira gukara. Ariko, code ya Napoleonic yasubiye kumuhoro ntarengwa kandi igabanije abagore uko imbona nkurugero, hashingiwe kububasha bwa ba se n’abagabo. Mu bihe bya cumi n’icyenda no mu ntangiriro za makumyabiri n’abagore n’abagabo badahuje abantu bateguye imitwe idasanzwe isaba uburenganzira bwa politiki.
Mu rwego rw’ubukungu, ubwisanzure bwahagaze ku bwisanzure bw’amasoko no gukuraho ibibujijwe byashyizweho ku bicuruzwa n’umushinga w’imari. Mu kinyejana cya cumi n’icyenda ibi byari icyifuzo gikomeye cyamasomo yo hagati. Reka dufate urugero rwiturere tuvuga Ikidage mu gice cya mbere cyikinyejana cya cumi n’icyenda. Ingamba z’ubuyobozi bwa Napoleon zaremwe mu mategeko mato atabarika yishyira hamwe nishyirahamwe rya leta 39. Buri wese murimwe yari afite ifaranga ryayo, kandi uburemere ningero. Umucuruzi yagendaga mu 1833 avuye i Hamburg kugera i Hamburg kugurisha ibicuruzwa bye byagombaga kunyura mu mbogamizi 11 za gasutamo no kwishyura inshingano za gasutamo zigera kuri 5 ku ijana kuri buri kimwe muri buri kimwe. Inshingano zakunze gukekwa ukurikije uburemere cyangwa gupima ibicuruzwa. Mugihe buri karere kari gafite gahunda yacyo nuburemere, iyi yarimo kubara-igihe. Urugero, urugero rw’igitambara, cyari inkongi muri buri karere hahagaze uburebure butandukanye. Inzara yibikoresho byimyenda yaguzwe muri Frankfurt yakubona CM 54.7 yimyenda, muri Mainz 55.1 muri CM 65.6.6 cm, muri Freiburg 53.5 cm.
Ibintu nk’ibi byafatwaga nk’inzitizi zo guhanahana ubukungu no kwiyongera ku masomo mashya y’ubucuruzi, wavuze ko hashyizweho ifasi y’ubukungu ihuriweho yemerera kugenda kw’ibicuruzwa, abantu n’umurwa mukuru. Mu 1834, Ihuriro rya gasutamo cyangwa Gellerin ryashinzwe ku bugizi bwa Prussiya kandi rifatanya na benshi mu biganiro by’Abadage. Ubumwe bwakuyeho inzitizi ya tapiff kandi igabanya umubare w’amafaranga kuva ku bibiri na bibiri kuri bibiri kuri bibiri. Gushiraho umuyoboro wa gari ya moshi byatewe no kugenda, gukoresha inyungu zubukungu guhuza igihugu. Umuhengeri wo gukunda igihugu ubukungu washimangiye amarangamutima yagutse yigihugu akura muri kiriya gihe.
Language: Rwandi