Imibono yobumbano lukazwelonke e-Europe ekhulwini le-neshumi nesishiyagalolunye yahlanganiswa eduze nembono yenkululeko. Igama elithi ‘Liberalism’ lisuka kwi-Latin Root Liber, okushoyo. Ngoba amakilasi amasha aphakathi enkululeko amele inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nokulingana kwakho konke ngaphambi komthetho. Kwezepolitiki, kwagcizelela umqondo kahulumeni ngemvume. Kusukela i-French Revolution, inkululeko yenkululeko yayimi ekugcineni kwamalungelo okuzenzela kanye namalungelo okuqinisekiswa, uMthethosisekelo kanye nohulumeni abamele ePhalamende. Inkululeko yekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye yagcizelela nokuvinjwa kwempahla yangasese.
Kodwa-ke, ukulingana ngaphambi kokuba uMthetho awuzange ume ngokunakwa kwendawo yonke. Uzokhumbula ukuthi kwiFrance yaseFrance, eyayiphawula isilingo sokuqala sezombusazwe eLiberal Democracy, ilungelo lokuvota kanye nokuqokwa kwamukelwa kwabesilisa abangabanikazi bendawo. Amadoda angenazo impahla futhi bonke abesifazane bakhululwa kumalungelo ezepolitiki. Isikhathi esifushane ngaphansi kwamaJacobins enze bonke abesilisa abadala bakujabulela ukunuka. Kodwa-ke, ikhodi yeNapoleonic ibuyele emuva ekunciphiseni okulinganiselwe futhi inciphise abesifazane esimweni sengane, ngaphansi kwegunya likayise kanye nabayeni. Kuwo wonke amashumi ayisishiyagalolunye nanamuhla amashumi amabili eminyaka angemadoda angewona ama-Abesifazane ahlela ukunyakaza okuphikisayo efuna amalungelo ezepolitiki alinganayo.
Emkhakheni wezomnotho, inkululeko yenkululeko yamela inkululeko yezimakethe nokuqedwa kwemikhawulo ebekwe ngumbuso ekuhambeni kwezimpahla kanye nemali. Ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye lekhulu lesi kwakufunwa okuqinile kwamakilasi afanayo afanayo. Ake sithathe isibonelo sezindawo ezikhuluma isiJalimane engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye. Izindlela zokuphatha zikaNapoleon zase zidalwe ezimpini eziningi ezincane ezihlanganayo ezihlanganyelwe ezizweni ezingama-39. Ngayinye yalaba yadla imali yayo, kanye nezinsimbi nezinyathelo. Umthengisi ohamba ngo-1833 usuka eHamburg waya eNuremberg ukuze athengise izimpahla zakhe bekungafanele adlule izithiyo eziyi-11 zamasiko futhi akhokhe imali eyisiko elingamaphesenti ayi-5 kulowo nalowo kubo. Imisebenzi yayivame ukukhishwa ngokuya ngesisindo noma ukukalwa kwezimpahla. Njengoba isifunda ngasinye sasinohlelo lwaso lwezinsimbi nezinyathelo, lokhu kubalwa isikhathi esidla isikhathi. Isibonelo, isilinganiso sendwangu, ngokwesibonelo, kwakungu-Elle esifundeni ngasinye esami ngobude obuhlukile. I-ELLE ye-Textile Etentile ethengiwe eFrankfurt ingakutholela indwangu engu-54.7 cm, e-Mainz 55.1 cm, eNuremberg 65.6 cm, eFreiburg 53.5 cm.
Izimo ezinjalo zabukwa njengezithiyo zokushintshana kwezomnotho kanye nokukhula ngamakilasi amasha ezentengiselwano, athi ukudalwa kwensimu yezomnotho enobunye evumela ukuhamba okungenayo kwezimpahla, abantu kanye nenhloko-dolobha. Ngo-1834, kwakhiwa inyunyana yangokwezifiso noma i-gellerin ekuqaleni kwePrussia futhi yajoyina iningi lamazwe aseJalimane. I-Union yaqeda izithiyo zentela futhi yanciphisa inani lemali kusuka kwangaphezu kwamashumi amathathu kuye kwambili. Ukudalwa kwenethiwekhi yezitimela ngokuqhubekisela phambili ukuhamba okuvuselelayo, kuhlanganisa izintshisekelo zezomnotho ezihlangene kuzwelonke. Igagasi lobuzwe bezomnotho liqinise izizwe ezibanzi zezwe elikhula ngaleso sikhathi.
Language: Zulu