Kangangeenkulungwane, isilika kunye neziqholo ezivela eChina ziphuma zisiya eYurophu ngendlela yesilika. Kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinanye, iphepha lesiTshayina lafika eYurophu ngendlela efanayo. Iphepha lenze ukuba kuveliswe ukuveliswa kwemibhalo-ngqangi, ibhalwe ngononophelo ngababhali. Ke, ngo-1295, uMarco Polo, umhloli omkhulu, wabuyela e-Itali emva kweminyaka emininzi yokuhlola e-China. Njengoko ufunda apha ngasentla, i-china sele inobugcisa bokuprinta okhuni, uMarco Polo wazisa olu lwazi emva kwakhe. Ngoku i-Italians yaqalisa ukuvelisa iincwadi ngeeplanga, kwaye kungekudala itekhnoloji yasasazeka kwezinye iindawo zaseYurophu. Iinguqulelo ezinomsindo zazisabhalwa ngesandla kwi-velm ebiza kakhulu, ithetha izangqa ze-aristocute kunye neelayibrari ezityebileyo ezikhutshiwe kwiincwadi eziprintiweyo njengeendawo eziphantsi. Abarhwebi kunye nabafundi kwiidolophu zaseyunivesithi bathengela ikopi epeyisiweyo.
Njengoko imfuno yeencwadi inyuke, abathengisi beencwadi kuzo zonke iincwadi kwiYurophu baqalisa ukuthumela iincwadi kumazwe amaninzi ahlukeneyo. IiFairs zencwadi zabanjwa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. Ukuveliswa kwemibhalo-ngqangi ebhalwe ngesandla nayo kwalungiselelwe ngeendlela ezintsha zokuhlangabezana nemfuno eyandisiweyo. Ababhali okanye ababhali bezandla zabo babengasayi kuqalwa kuphela zizityebi okanye abaxhasi abazizityebi kodwa benempembelelo kodwa bekhula ngabathengisi. Bangaphezu kwe-50 ababhali bahlala besebenza kwincwadi enye.
Kodwa ukuveliswa kwemibhalo-ngqangi ebhaliweyo ebhalwe ngesandla akuyi kwanelisa imfuno eyandayo yeencwadi. Ukukhuphela yayiyishishini elibiza kakhulu, elinezinto ezinzima nezamaxesha. Imibhalo yesandla yayiyinto ebuthathaka, engathandekiyo ukuba ichaphazele, kwaye ayinakuthwalwa okanye ifundwe ngokulula. Ukujikeleza kwabo kumiliselwe. Ngemfuno ekhulayo yeencwadi, ukuprintwa kweenkuni Ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesihlanu, iiplanga zeWoodblocks zazisetyenziswa kakhulu eYurophu ukuba ziprinte amalaphu, amakhadi okudlala, kunye nemifanekiso yenkolo enezicatshulwa ezilula nezimfutshane.
Kucacile ukuba kukho imfuneko enkulu yokukhawulezisa kunye nokuveliswa kwexabiso lezicatshulwa. Oku kunokuba njengokuqulunqwa kwetekhnoloji entsha yokuprinta. Iphenyane lenzeka eStrasbourg, eJamani, apho uJohann Gutenberg waphuhlisa umatshini wokuqala owenziwayo kwi-1430s
Language: Xhosa