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Assam Board SEBA Class 9 Social Science Chapter 4 Solution in English Medium 2026 | SEBA Class 9 Social science Part III Chapter 4 Solution | SEBA Class 9 Social science Part III Chapter 4 Question Answer 2026

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Problems of Basic Economics

Very short / short answer questions:

1. Write the definition

(a) Poverty

Answer: Poverty: Poverty is a burning problem facing different countries of the world. Poverty in a broad sense refers to a condition in which a person fails to obtain the basic necessities of life such as food, clothing, shelter, education and health facilities.

(b) Unemployment&nbsp;&nbsp;

Answer: Unemployment: The term unemployment usually refers to unemployment. People who have no opportunity to work are called unemployed. However, the economy refers to the unemployed as those who have the ability and desire to work, but find no suitable employment.

(c) Population density

Answer: Population density: Population density is the population of a country or state per square kilometre. For example, the highest population density in India (382 people per square kilometre) is in West Bengal. and the state with the lowest density is Arunachal Pradesh.

(d) Gender ratio

Answer: Sex ratio: Sex ratio is the number of women per thousand men. India's sex ratio is Among the states in the country, Kerala has the highest sex ratio (1084) and Haryana has the lowest (877).

(e) Extreme poverty

Answer: Extreme poverty: Extreme poverty is when a person's income fails to meet the basic needs of his family like food, clothing, shelter, education and health facilities.

(f) Relative poverty&nbsp;

Answer: Relative poverty: Relative poverty is when a person earns only 50% of his income for which he receives some money but that money is not enough for him to provide for his family.

(g) Sustainable development&nbsp;

Answer: Sustainable Development: The Brundtland Commission introduced the concept of sustainable development in 1987 with the aim of ensuring that economic development and growth does not adversely affect the environment. This commission is also known as the World Commission on Environment and Development. According to the Commission, 'sustainable economic development is economic development that can alleviate the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability to alleviate the needs of future generations'

(h) Sewage economy

Answer: Green Economy: An economy whose main objective is to achieve sustainable development by addressing environmental threats and ecosystem problems is called a green economy.

2. 2. What is the poverty line? What is the poverty line between rural and urban areas?

Answer: The poverty line is a lower limit of the distribution line that divides the population of a country into poor and non-poor.

*Poverty line in rural areas: - In rural areas, a person is considered poor if he cannot obtain a minimum of 2400 calories of food per capita daily.

*Poverty line in urban areas:- A person is considered poor if he cannot obtain a minimum of 2100 calories of food per capita daily in urban areas.

3. 3. What is the population of India and Assam according to the 2011 census?

Answer: According to the 2011 census, the population of India is 121 crore and that of Assam is 31.2 million.

4. The What percentage of the world's land area is in India?

Answer: India covers 2.4 per cent of the world's land area.

5. 5. Which state has the highest sex ratio in India and how much?&nbsp;

Answer: Kerala has the highest sex ratio of 1084 in India.

6. . What is the population density of Assam?

Answer: The population density of Assam is 397 people.

7. 7. Who is the pseudo-unemployed?

Answer: The pseudo-unemployed are apparently workers. However, they do not play any role in total production. For example, if a job can be done by two people and 5 people are employed, the remaining three people are called pseudo-unemployed.

8.&nbsp; What is inflation?

Answer: Inflation is a state of increase in the price of goods. However, in the economy, inflation refers to a steady increase in the general price level. Inflation increases the price of goods but decreases the value of money.

9. What are the causes of inflation?

Answer: There are two main causes of inflation. One is demand driven and the other is cost driven.

10. What is inflation?&nbsp;

Answer: The government controls prices through various direct mechanisms like public distribution system, government pricing etc. Such control measures keep the price level below the free inflationary price level and reduce the magnitude of the increase in the price level. Such inflation is called suppressed inflation.

11 . What is the number of workers in the informal sector?&nbsp;

Answer: The number of workers in the informal sector is less than 10 people.

13. 13. Which commission proposed the definition of sustainable development when?

Answer: The definition of sustainable development was proposed by the Brundtland Commission in

14. 14. What do environmental thinkers want to be the motto of human thought and action?

Answer: Environmental thinkers want the motto of human thought and action to be global and action to be local. (think globally; act locally)

Long answer questions:

1. Discuss the main causes of population growth problem in India.

Answer: Population explosion is one of the main challenges facing a developing country like India. Population explosion indicates excessive population growth. India has the highest population growth rate in the world. India is the second most populous country in the world in terms of population.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The main reasons for the population growth in India include the following:

1) High birth rate.

2) Illiteracy.

3) Poverty.

4) Social ignorance.

5. Lack of population education.

2) What is poverty? Explain how the poverty line defines poverty.

Answer: Poverty refers to a condition in which a person fails to obtain the basic necessities of life such as food, clothing, shelter, education and health facilities.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The poverty line defines a lower limit of the distribution line that divides the population of a country into poor and non-poor. There are various interpretations of the poverty line in India but the calorie-based interpretation is the most common. According to the calorie-based definition offered by the Planning Commission of India, a person is considered poor if he cannot acquire a minimum of 2,400 calories per capita daily in rural areas and 2,100 calories per capita daily in urban areas. Rural areas require more calories because rural people have more physical exertion than urban people. The monthly expenditure per capita in rural areas and urban areas at current rates to obtain minimum calories was as follows:

3) What is inflation? Discuss the basic methods of controlling inflation.&nbsp;

1. Monetary Policy: Among the monetary policies adopted by the government is the bank rate policy. bank rate is the rate at which central banks lend to commercial banks. In times of inflation, bank rates are raised, causing commercial banks to raise market rates. This discourages borrowers from borrowing and reduces lending in the market and controls inflation.

2. Fiscal policy: This policy is also known as 'income and expenditure' policy. By cutting government spending, aggregate demand in the country can be reduced and inflation can be controlled. In addition, various types of taxes can be levied to bring the excess currency in the hands of the people into the hands of the government. This will reduce aggregate demand and control inflation. In addition, the government can also control inflation by borrowing from the public.

3. Production Increase Policy: If the government of the country can accelerate the production process by properly utilizing untapped resources, production in the country will increase and supply will increase at the rate of increased demand for goods and price levels will be controlled.

4. What is the unemployment problem? What are the types of it? State the main causes of this problem.

Answer: The term unemployment usually refers to unemployment. People who have no opportunity to work are called unemployed. However, unemployed in the economy refers to those who have the ability and willingness to work, but find no suitable employment.

Unemployment is generally of 2 types: rural unemployment and urban unemployment.

1) Rapid population growth: Rapid population growth has contributed to the unemployment problem. The unemployment problem is worsening due to inadequate employment opportunities in proportion to the increasing population.

2. Growth without Employment: The gap between national income growth rate and employment growth rate is widening in the country. Such conditions are called development without employment. As a result, the unemployment problem has become complicated.

3. Stagnant Agricultural Development: In an agricultural country like India, the agricultural system has not developed as it should have. As a result, there is a lack of employment opportunities among the farmers.

4. Slow pace of industrialization: Industrial development in the country has not taken place at the expected rate, leading to industrial unemployment.

5. Defective Education System: The problem of educated unemployment has become complicated due to the failure of the existing education system to make the people employable. Lack of vocational or technical education has not made the people self-reliant.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In addition to the above factors, many other factors such as low capital formation, poverty, lack of proper planning etc. have been hampering the solution of unemployment problem. Therefore, it is essential to formulate appropriate government policies to solve this problem.

5) Write a brief:

a) Seasonal unemployment: Seasonal unemployed are unemployed only for a period of the year, they are employed during the rest of the year. For example, people involved in agriculture are seasonally unemployed.

b) Demand-driven and expenditure-driven inflation: Demand-driven inflation is when the demand of the public for goods or services increases more and the supply of goods and services does not increase accordingly. In this situation, people have more currency or purchasing power, and the demand for less goods or services increases in the market. As a result, the prices of goods and services increase. In such a situation, inflation occurs. Another cause of inflation is the increase in the cost of production of goods and services. This is called cost inflation. Cost inflation is mainly caused by three factors.

a) increase in wages, b) increase in profits and c) burden due to taxes levied on goods.

c) Sustainable Development: The Brundtland Commission introduced the concept of sustainable development in 1987 with the aim of ensuring that economic development and development does not adversely affect the environment. This commission is also known as the World Commission on Environment and Development. According to the Commission, 'sustainable economic development is economic development that can alleviate the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability to alleviate the needs of future generations'

d) Green Economy: A green economy is an economy whose main goal is to achieve sustainable development by addressing environmental threats and ecosystem problems.

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The motto for environmentally conscious individuals and institutions is now: Think globally, act locally (think globally:, act locally)।

e) Free and suppressed inflation: When there is no control over the bid level and bids rise wildly. Such a situation is called free inflation.

On the other hand, the government controls prices through various direct mechanisms such as public distribution system, government pricing etc. Such control measures keep the price level below the free inflationary price level and reduce the magnitude of the increase in the price level. Such inflation is called suppressed inflation.

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