WBCHSE Class 12 English Chapter 1 Solution | Bengali Medium

Class 12 Chapter 1 Solution

On Killing a Tree

1. MCQs Question Answer

1. Which of the following set of words is associated with life and growth?

a) hack, chop, scorching, choking, browning, hardening, twisting, withering

b) consuming, feeding, absorbing, sprouting, green twigs, etc. ✔

c) anchoring earth, earth-cave, white and wet

d) sunlight, air and water

2. In the poem the killing of a tree is described as

i) a healthy exercise

ii) a woodcutter’s job

iii) a deliberate act

iv) an innocent act 

Ans. ii) a woodcutter’s job

3. To kill a tree

i)  is not easy

ii) takes a little time

iii)  is a right thing

iv)  is almost impossible

Ans. i)  is not easy

4. A simple jab of the knife

i) can kill a tree

ii) can encourage a tree to grow

iii) cannot kill a tree

iv) must be fatal to a tree

Ans.iii) cannot kill a tree

5. What is the theme of the poem ‘On Killing a Tree’?

a) man’s love for nature

b) man’s cruelty towards nature ✔

c) man’s indifference to nature

d) man’s endeavour to protect nature

6. Which of the following set of words is associated with violence and death?

a) hack, chop, scorching, choking, browning, hardening, twisting, withering ✔

b) consuming, feeding, absorbing, sprouting, green twigs, etc.

c) anchoring earth, earth-cave, white and wet 

d) sunlight, air and water

7. Which of the following set of expressions suggests that the tree is personified?

a) hack, chop, scorching

b) anchoring earth, earth-cave

c) leprous hide, bleeding bark, heal and sensitive  ✔

d) green twigs, miniature boughs

8. What makes the poem ‘On Killing a Tree’ impressive?

a) conversational tone and logical sequence

b) brilliant image and personification

c) ironical treatment of the theme

d) all of these  ✔

9. What does the movement from ‘bleeding bark’ to ‘green twigs’ symbolise?

a) the change from near-death to life  ✔

b) the change from life to death

c) the change from life-giver to life-taker

d) the change from joy to sorrow

10. The ‘browning’ and ‘hardening’ of a tree is done in

a) a factory

b) a courtyard

c) the open air  ✔

d) a shade

 11. “In the sun and air,/Browning, hardening,/Twisting, withering” Here ‘withering’ means

a) weathering

b) shrivelling  ✔

c) wanting

d) breaking 

12. The tone on which the poem ‘On Killing a Tree’ ends is

a) irony  ✔

b) joy

c) tragedy

d) achievement

 13. The form of the verse used in the poem ‘On Killing a Tree’ is

a) blank verse

b) free verse ✔

c) iambic pentameter

d) rhymed couplet

14. The poem ‘On Killing a Tree’ encodes the message that

a) killing a tree is an act of cruelty

b) killing of a tree is painful

c) trees cannot be killed so easily ✔

d) killing of a tree is an adventurous work

15. After uprooting, the tree is exposed

a) for sprouting leaves

b) for scorching and choking ✔

c) preparation of food

d) for revival

16. “And then it is done.” Here ‘it’ refers to

a) killing of a tree  ✔

b) planting of a tree

c) healing of a tree

d) browning of a tree

17. The word ‘scorching’ means

a) burning  ✔

b) scoring

c) catching

d) serving

18. The word ‘choking’ means

a) checking

b) sinking

c) changing

d) strangling  ✔

19. The word ‘browning’ means

a) drying up  ✔

b) bringing

c) bridging

d) breaking

20. The word ‘hardening’ means

a) making something tougher  ✔

b) making something smooth

c) making something difficult

d) making something rougher

21. The word ‘done’ means

a) accomplished ✔

b)  complete

c) dashed

d) deed

22. A tree grows

i) rooted deep in the earth

ii) shedding leaves

iii) consuming the earth

iv) eroding soil

Ans.iii) consuming the earth

23. By consuming the nutrients of the earth, the tree has grown

i) at rapid rate

ii) fast

iii) very slowly

iv) slowly

Ans. iv) slowly

24. “It has grown/Slowly consuming the earth”-The statement indicates

i) the tree has completely destroyed the earth in its process of growing

ii) the tree has gained nourishment from the earth

iii) the tree grew along with the earth

iv) the growth of a tree is helpful for the earth

Ans.ii) the tree has gained nourishment from the earth

25. “Rising out of it, feeding/Upon its crust’-Here crust refers to

i) the light covering of the roots

ii) the top layer to the earth

iii) the bark of the tree

iv) the last layer of the earth

Ans.ii) the top layer to the earth

26. A tree draws its sustenance from

i) the earth’s core

ii) a water body

iii) the earth’s crust

iv) fertilizer

ans.iii) the earth’s crust

27. A tree grows by absorbing

 i) sunlight

ii) Bair

iii) water

iv) all of these

Ans.iv) all of these

28. The expression ‘leprous hide’ refers to

i) the bark of a tree

ii) the skin of a leper

iii) snooth skin

iv) rough skin

Ans. i) the bark of a tree

29. The expression ‘leprous hide’ means

i) the tree’s bark

ii) the leper’s skin

iii) smooth skin

iv) glossy skin

Ans.ii) the leper’s skin

30. Feeding upon the earth’s crust, the tree rises out of

i) the cave

ii) the earth

iii) the sun

iv) water

Ans.ii) the earth

31. Leaves sprout out of the tree’s

i) green twigs

ii) white root

iii) leprous hide

iv) dry stem

Ans. iii) leprous hide

32. The statement ‘It takes much time to kill a tree’ indicates

i) a sense of joy, that killing a tree is not an easy task

ii) a sense of impatience, that killing a tree takes much time and effort

iii) a sense of irony, that a tree cannot be easily killed 

iv) a sense of defeat that killing a tree takes much time

Ans.iii) a sense of irony, that a tree cannot be easily killed 

33. ‘A simple jab of the knife’ can’t do what?

i) It cannot kill a tree.

ii) It cannot hamper a tree’s growth.

iii) It cannot hurt a tree.

iv) It cannot stab a tree.

Ans  .i) It cannot kill a tree.

34. The phrase ‘a simple jab of the knife’ means

i) a simple step for the growth of a tree

ii) cutting the tree completely

iii) shaping the tree with a knife

iv) stabbing the tree with a knife

ans.iv) stabbing the tree with a knife

35. The poet’s observation about the growth of the tree is that

i) the tree grows steadily

ii) the tree grows slowly

iii) the tree does not grow at all

iv) the tree grows rapidly

Ans.ii) the tree grows slowly

 36. The phrase ‘leprous hide’ suggests

i)  the discoloured bark of the tree

ii) the skin of a leper

iii) the bleeding bark

iv) the skin of the man cutting down the tree

Ans. i)  the discoloured bark of the tree

37. ‘Leprous hide’ bears

i)  fruit

ii) flower

iii)leaves

iv) birds

Ans, iii)leaves

38 . The word ‘jab’ means

i) job

ii) jar

iii) jerk

iv) stab

Ans. iv) stab

39. The word ‘consuming’ means

i) taking in

ii) consulting

iii)  containing

iv) talking

Ans i) taking in

40. The word ‘crust’ means

i) inner layer

ii) outer layer

iii) sandy layer

iv) muddy layer

Ans.ii) outer layer

41. The word ‘absorbing’ means

i) attacking 

ii) attracting

iii) sucking

iv) secreting

Ans. iii) sucking

42. The word ‘leprous’ means

i) of a leper

ii) dangerous

iii) curious

iv) ludicrous

Ans. i) of a leper

43. The third stanza of Gieve Patel’s poem ‘On Killing a Tree’ starts with the word

A) Yes

B ) So

C) No

D) Then

ANS. C) No

44. In order to kill a tree successfully, it is to be

A) stabbed

B)  uprooted

C) hacked

D) chopped

ANS.B)  uprooted

45. The most sensitive part of the tree is its

A) leaf

B)  stem

C) bark

D) root

ANS.D) root

46. The root in ‘On Killing a Tree’ is

A) pale and wet

B) green

C) yellowish

D) white and wet

ANS. D) white and wet

47. ‘White and wet’ refers to

A) the stem

B) sprouting leaves

C) the roots

D) the earth

ANS.C) the roots

48. The strength of tree gets exposed when it is

A) roped

B) chopped

C) uprooted

D) hacked

ANS.C) uprooted

49. To kill a tree one needs to

A) jab

B) hack

C) chop

D) uproot

ANS. D) uproot

50. What is formed in the earth when a tree is uprooted?

A) an earth-cave

B) a pond

C) an anchor

D) a hollow space for a new tree

ANS. D) a hollow space for a new tree

51. The phrase ‘earth cave’ indicates

A) the cave in which the tree was planted

B)  the hollow in which the tree grows

C) the earth in which the tree is planted

D) the gaping hole in the earth when the roots are pulled out 

ANS.D) the gaping hole in the earth when the roots are pulled out 

52. What does the expression ‘anchoring earth’ suggest?

A) The tree has grown in water.

B) The tree is strong enough.

C) The tree is firmly fixed in the earth.

D) The tree has human feelings.

ANS.C) The tree is firmly fixed in the earth.

53. What does the poet refer to as the ‘strength of the tree’?

A) green twigs

B) miniature boughs

C) sprouting leaves

D) life-supporting roots

ANS.D) life-supporting roots

54. What gets exposed as a result of uprooting?

A) green twigs

B) miniature boughs

C) new leaves

D) life-supporting roots

ANS.D) life-supporting roots

55. Why is the source white?

A) Because it absorbs sunlight.

B) Because it has been painted white.

C) Because it remains hidden inside the earth.

D) Because it is full of phosphorus.

ANS. C) Because it remains hidden inside the earth.

56. Why is ‘the source’ wet?

A) Because it is full of water and other nutrients.

B) Because it is exposed to rain.

C) Because it is in water.

D) Because it reflects sunlight.

ANS.A) Because it is full of water and other nutrients.

57. Knowing a tree’s power to come to life, what does man decide to do?

A) to root it out

B) to allow it to grow naturally

C) not to kill a tree

D) to plant more trees

ANS.A) to root it out

58. What does the poem ‘On Killing a Tree’ expose?

A) man’s love for nature

B) man’s cruelty towards nature

C) man’s indifference to nature

D) man’s endeavour to protect nature 

ANS. B) man’s cruelty towards nature

59. The word ‘anchoring’ means 

a) clinging

b) alarming

c) answering

d) changing

Ans .a) clinging

60. The word ‘snapped’ means

a) sniffed

b) sneezed

c) sneaked

d) jerked out

ans.d) jerked out

2.Very Short Question Answer

1. Where do the leaves sprout from?

Ans. The leaves sprout from the leprous hide of the tree.

2. What are the processes helped by the sun and air?

Ans. Scorching and choking of a tree are the processes helped by the sun and air.

3. What are the two final mechanisms done to the tree after which ‘it is done’?

Ans. Twisting and withering are the two final mechanisms done to the tree after which ‘it is done.

4. “And then it is done”-What act is referred to here?

Ans. The act of killing a tree completely is referred to here.

5. What makes ‘On Killing a Tree’ easy to read?

Ans. The easy conversational style makes the poem ‘On Killing a Tree’ easy to read.

6. What scorch and choke the tree after it is pulled out?

Ans. After the tree is pulled out the sun and air scorch and choke the tree.

 7. In what verse-form is the poem ‘On Killing a Tree’ written?

Ans. The poem, ‘On Killing a Tree’, is written in free verse.

8. What human activity is really ironical in Gieve Patel’s poem, ‘On Killing a Tree’?
Ans. The fact that man destroys nature that nourishes human civilization is really ironical

9. What role do the sun and air play in the poem, ‘On Killing a Tree’?

Ans. In the poem, ‘On Killing a Tree’ the sun and air are both life-givers and life-takers.

10. What type of poem is ‘On Killing a Tree’?

Ans. ‘On Killing a Tree’ is an ironical poem, written in free verse.

11. What message does the poem ‘On Killing a Tree’ convey?

Ans. The poem ‘On Killing a Tree’ conveys the message that

12. What is the final process of killing a tree?

Ans. The final process of killing a tree is uprooting the tree.

13. How is the role of the nourishing sun reversed after the tree is uprooted?

 Ans. The role of the nourishing sun is reversed to a destructive force after the tree is uprooted.

14. Who wrote the poem, ‘On Killing a Tree’?

Ans. Gieve Patel wrote the poem ‘On Killing a Tree! [‘On Killing a Tree’ কবিতাটি জীভ প্যাটেলের লেখা।]

15. How much time does it take to kill a tree?

Ans. It takes much time to kill a tree.

 16. Why does it take much time to kill a tree?

Ans. It takes much time to kill a tree because the tree is deep- rooted and it requires a lot of effort to kill it.

17. What kind of task is it to kill a tree?

Ans. To kill a tree is not an easy task because it takes much time and effort.

18. What does ‘crust’ mean?7

Ans. The word ‘crust’ means the top layer of the earth.

19. What does the tree absorb?
 Ans. The tree absorbs sunlight, air and water.

20. “But this alone won’t do it.” -What is ‘this’?

Ans. Here ‘this’ refers to hacking and chopping of a tree.

3. Short Question Answer

1. Which expressions suggest that the tree is personified in the poem, ‘On Killing a Tree’? Tree’

Ans. Words and expressions such as, ‘leprous hide, ‘bleeding bark, ‘heal, ‘sensitive, etc. suggest that the tree is personified in the poem, ‘On Killing a Tree’

2. What does the poet mean by ‘It takes much time to kill a tree’?

Ans. By the statement ‘It takes much time to kill a tree’ the poet means to say that killing a tree is not a simple or easy task. [‘It takes much time to kill a tree’

 3. Why can’t a simple jab of the knife kill a tree?

Ans. A simple jab of the knife cannot kill the tree because it has grown by consuming nutrients from the earth and it is deep-rooted

4. How, according to Gieve Patel, has the tree grown?

Ans. The tree has grown slowly by consuming the earth, feeding off its crust, and absorbing years of sunlight, air and water.

 5. What does the expression ‘consuming the earth’ mean in ‘On Killing a Tree’? [‘On Killing a Tree’

 Ans. The expression ‘consuming the earth’ means using up the resources of the earth, absorbing water and minerals from the soil.

6. What does the expression ‘leprous hide’, in Gieve Patel’s poem ‘On Killing a Tree’, refer to?

Ans. In Gieve Patel’s poem, ‘On Killing a Tree, the expression

7. What does the ‘leprous hide’ in the poem ‘On Killing a Tree’ mean?

Or, What is meant by ‘leprous hide’?

Ans. In the poem ‘On Killing a Tree’ the phrase ‘leprous hide’ means that the bark of the tree looks like the discoloured skin of a man suffering from leprosy.

 8. How does a tree grow?
Ans. As pointed out by Gieve Patel in his poem ‘On Killing a Tree, a tree grows slowly by consuming the nutrients from the earth and absorbing sunlight, air and water for years

 9. What will happen after hacking and chopping of the tree?

Ans. The bleeding bark of the tree will heal its wound and produce curled green twigs after hacking and chopping of the tree.

10. “No,/The root is to be pulled out”-What does the word ‘No’ suggest here?

Ans. Here the word ‘No’ suggests that all the violent steps of knife-jabbing, hacking and chopping, cannot kill a tree completely.

4. Long Question Answer

1. The poem, ‘On Killing a Tree’, describes man’s cruelty and violence to nature. -Discuss.

Or, How has Gieve Patel shown violence and the philosophy of non-violence in the poem, ‘On Killing a Tree’?

Ans. Gieve Patel’s poem ‘On Killing a Tree’ presents a vivid description of man’s cruelty and violence to nature to advocate the philosophy of non-violence. In the poem, the tree stands for nature that provides nourishment for man. But modern man, out of selfish greed, kills a tree and thereby destroys nature. The poet describes the whole process of killing a tree. Neither a simple jab of the knife nor hacking and chopping can kill a tree. It is firmly fixed with its roots anchored in the earth. So, it has to be roped, tied and pulled out of the earth-cave to kill it completely. Then it has to be exposed to sunlight and air scorching, choking, browning, hardening, twisting and finally withering. The poet uses a number of images of death to highlight man’s cruelty and violence. Thus he tries to arouse our love and sympathy for all its objects of nature.

2. How does a tree offer resistance to its destruction? How does its resistance fail?

Ans. A tree grows slowly by consuming the earth’s nutrients and absorbing sunlight, air and water. But selfish greed and cruelty of man knows no bounds. At every stage of its growth and development a tree faces challenges and offers resistance to its destruction. Neither a jab nor hacking and chopping can kill a full-grown tree. Even if it is cut with powerful and cruel strokes, it feels pain but does not die. Its bleeding bark heals itself. Its trunk, from close to the ground, produces green twigs and small branches. And gradually it grows to its former size.

• But all its resistance fail when it is uprooted and cut off from anchoring earth. It has to give up when bare roots come out and as a result the life-supporting system fails. Then in the sun it is scorched and choked. Finally it goes through the process of browning, hardening, twisting and withering. Thus, ultimately the tree is killed.

3. Explain: “And then it is done”.

Ans. In his poem ‘On Killing a Tree, Gieve Patel gives a graphic (description of the total destruction) of a tree. Man realises that neither a simple jab of the knife nor hacking and chopping can kill a tree. In order to kill a tree, it has to be uprooted. So the tree is roped, tied and pulled out. It is now cut off from the earth. Finally, in the presence of sun and air, the roots pass through the processes of scorching, choking, bro highlights man’s satisfaction in destroying nature. Ironically , it shows how man glorifies ) his cruelty .

4. How does the poet describe the killing of a tree in the poem, ‘On Killing a Tree’?

Or, How can the tree be killed in ‘On Killing a Tree’?

Or, How is the life-force of the tree described in the poem ‘On Killing a Tree’?

Or, Write after Gieve Patel a note on the power and strength of a tree to withstand man’s cruelty.

Ans. The poet shows how a tree is tortured (টরচারড্) for complete destruction. Killing a tree is a difficult task. It takes much time and effort. Neither a simple jab of the knife nor hacking and chopping can kill a tree. It is not so easy a task because the tree has grown slowly, consuming the earth and absorbing sunlight, air and water. It is firmly fixed with its roots anchored in the earth. After hacking and chopping, new twigs sprout and grow to former size. So, in order to kill a tree it has to be uprooted. It has to be roped, tied and snapped out. It has to be pulled out entirely from the earth-cave. After uprooting, the root has to be exposed to sunlight and air so that it scorches, chokes, browns, hardens, twists and finally withers. Thus man has to take up and more and more violent steps to complete the process of killing a tree.

5. Why does the poet describe the killing of a tree in such graphic detail? mental issues of the day.

Ans. The poet Gieve Patel has deep concern for environment. In the poem, ‘On Killing a Tree, he treats trees as living organisms He observes that man’s greedand selfishness cause destruction of trees. So he raises his voice against reckless felling of trees. The images of violence that the poet uses

in the poem show the poet’s genuine love for trees. Words and expressions such as ‘a simple jab of the knife’, ‘hack and chop, ‘pain, ‘bleeding bark, ‘most sensitive’ highlight the poet’s heartfelt sympathy for trees. As a sensitive poet, Gieve Patel describes the killing of a tree in such a vivid manner as to evoke our sympathy for trees. Thus the poem denounces man’s callousness towards the trees.

6. What message does Gieve Patel convey through the poem, “On Killing a Tree”?

Ans. Gieve Patel’s poem ‘On Killing a Tree’ has a strong message. The poem wants to say that a tree is a very powerful organism. It is a living organism. It has life and feelings. The growth of a tree is no less than the growth of a human being, and the cutting down of a tree is nothing but killing a tree. The act of killing a tree is a blood-ridden business. This is an act of extreme brutality. A tree cannot be killed so easily. Man has to make a lot of violent effort to kill it. The tree tries to overcome all the bruises and wounds, all the violent attacks of man. Man continues the murderous actions till it is killed. When the tree is finally killed, man sees it as victory. But the irony is that humans are destroying the nature that nourishes the human civilization.

7. Explain the irony behind the meticulous act of killing a tree as depicted in the poem.

Ans. Gieve Patel’s ‘On Killing a Tree’ is an excellent ironical poem. In the poem the work of cutting down a tree becomes a violent ritual. This ceremonial task of killing a tree is purely ironical as man kills his best friend in a triumphant manner. The last line of the poem says: “And then it is done.” The line suggests that a great success is achieved in the end. This is nothing but a devastating success. It is an act of extreme brutality, a cold-blooded murder of a living thing. The title of the poem is ‘On Killing a Tree’ but at the outset of the poem the poet tells us how a tree grows up to its full feature. The tree grows slowly, consuming the earth and absorbing water, air and sunlight for years. It is the same sun that dries up and destroys the tree. The use of irony makes the poem interesting and rich in meaning.

8. Give the central idea of the poem, ‘On Killing a Tree’.

Ans. Gieve Patel’s poem ‘On Killing a Tree, records the poet’s genuine love for nature. It presents his deep concern for indiscriminate felling of trees. The tree consumes nutrients from the earth and absorbs sunlight, air and water for years. Thus, the tree grows slowly. It is also a generous helper. But in return, it has to suffer much. It struggles for existence because of man’s cruelty. Hacking and chopping do not kill it. It bleeds and feels pain. Then it heals itself naturally. It produces new twigs and develops into a full-grown tree again. But it has to finally surrender to man’s selfish greed when it is uprooted. Thus the poem focuses on the irony of the killing of a benefactor by its beneficiary

9. Justify the appropriateness of the title of the poem, ‘On Killing a Tree’.

Or, Justify the title of the poem ‘On Killing a Tree’.

Ans. The title, ‘On Killing a Tree, indicates the ironical fate

of a tree. A tree is a generous helper. But man’s selfishness and greed annihilate it. As a simple jab or chopping cannot kill a tree, cruel man uses a number of cruel methods to kill a tree. So a tree is uprooted and snapped out of the earth. Then roots are exposed to sunlight for drying. They pass through the processes of scorching, choking, browning, hardening and twisting. The act of killing becomes complete when the tree becomes completely withered. The poet treats trees as sensitive living organisms. He adds human qualities to them to highlight their struggle for existence. Thus, the title ironically points out man’s utter callousness and cruelty towards trees. So, the title is appropriate.

10. “It takes much time to kill a tree, / Not a simple jab of the knife / Will do it. “-What does the phrase, ‘a simple jab of the knife’, mean? Why can’t ‘a simple jab of the knife’ kill a tree? [এখানে ‘a simple jab of the knife’

Ans. The phrase, ‘a simple jab of the knife, means the attempt to kill a tree by mere stabbing it with a knife.

• The poet says that an attempt to kill a tree only by stabbing it with a knife cannot be successful. If a tree is struck hard with a knife, it does not die. The tree can overcome such a blow. It has become strong by absorbing the nutrients from the earth. Since birth, it has been absorbing sunlight, air and water. So a simple jabbing won’t kill it. A tree can withstand a simple jab of the knife. The poet defines the difficult task of cutting down trees by using such a phrase ironically.

11. How does a tree grow? Or, Describe in detail the growth of a tree, as stated in the first stanza of the poem, ‘On Killing a Tree’.

Ans. In the first stanza of the poem, ‘On Killing a Tree, Gieve Patel describes the growth of a tree. According to the poet, a tree grows slowly by consuming the nutrients from the earth. The tree takes essential nutrients from the earth’s upper crust and prepares its food. It also absorbs sunlight, air and water, the three elementalforces of nature, to produce food. This food reaches all parts of the tree as a result of which the tree grows. Thus, taking in nutrients from the earth and the atmosphere , the tree grows gradually. The poet describes the growth of a tree to suggest its vivacity

12. “So hack and chop/But this alone won’t do it. “-What does ‘it’ refer to? Why won’t hacking and chopping do it?

Ans. Here ‘it’ refers to killing a tree.

• Hacking and chopping cannot destroy a tree completely. They may inflict pain for the time being and affect the tree. But they won’t kill the tree because its ‘bleeding bark’ will heal itself. Then fresh twigs are sure to come out from it and develop into small branches (ব্রাঞ্চেস্). These fresh twigs that grow near the ground will develop to their former size if unchecked. The poet wants to mean that killing a tree is a difficult task because it also has life which has been nourished (নারি) for years.

13. How does the tree in ‘On Killing a Tree’ heal itself? [‘On Killing a Tree’

Ans. In the poem ‘On Killing a Tree’ the tree symbolises nature. Nature is the best healer. The tree is a powerful living organism. It has great regenerative power. It has the unique power of healing wounds and attacks. A simple cut with the knife cannot make it dead. Its amazing vitality enables it to withstand the cuts and bruises. Man gives the tree much pain by hacking and chopping, but the act of hacking and chopping cannot kill it. The tree fights for life again. The bleeding bark heals its wounds. New leaves come out of its leprous hide. The small boughs grow into big branches and expand to its former size. In this way, the tree survives all odds and heals itself after a period of time.

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *